Use of 3-alpha-androstanediol, optionally in combination with a 5-ht1a agonist, in the treatment of sexual dysfunction

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the field of male and/or female sexual dysfunction. The invention specifically relates to the use of 3-alpha-androstanediol, preferably in combination with a 5-HT1A agonist. Optionally, said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said 5HT1a agonist are further combined with a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of copending U.S. Ser. No. 12/513,357 having an international filing date of 2 Nov. 2007, which is the national phase of PCT application PCT/NL2007/050535 having an international filing date of 2 Nov. 2007, which claims benefit of European patent application No. 06076976.7 filed 3 Nov. 2006. The contents of the above patent applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The invention relates to the field of male and/or female sexual dysfunction. The invention specifically relates to the on demand use of 3-alpha-androstanediol, preferably in combination with a 5-HT1A agonist. Said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said 5HT1a agonist are further preferably combined with a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor.

Male Sexual Dysfunction (MSD) refers to various disturbances or impairments of male sexual function, including inhibited sexual desire (ISD), erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence and premature ejaculation (PE, also known as rapid ejaculation, early ejaculation, or ejaculatio praecox) and anorgasmia. ED is treated successfully using PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil. Current successful treatment for PE includes anaesthetic creams (like lidocaine, prilocaine and combinations) that reduce sensation on the penis and SSRI antidepressants such as paroxetine, fluoxetine and sertraline. There is currently no known successful medication for ISD.

Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) refers to various disturbances or impairments of sexual function, including a lack of interest in sexual activity, repeated failure to attain or maintain sexual excitement, inability to attain an orgasm following sufficient arousal. A recent study estimated that 43% of women suffer from sexual dysfunction in the USA [1]. Low sexual desire (22% prevalence) and sexual arousal problems (14% prevalence) belong to the most common categories of sexual dysfunction of women. These categories are convenient in providing working definitions and an accepted lexicon for researchers and therapists. However, it may be incorrect to assume that these disorders are fully independent of each other. Both case studies and epidemiological studies demonstrate that these disorders can overlap and may be interdependent. In some cases, it may be possible to identify the primary disorder that led to the others, but in many cases, this may be impossible.

3-alpha-androstanediol is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,436 B1 as an alternative to androgen repletion therapy and for androgen decrease/depletion related problems in humans. The described purpose of this substitution lies in the replenishment of subphysiological serum concentrations of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) via 3-alpha-androstanediol administration. Also, the mechanism of effect of decreasing androgen decrease/depletion related problems lies in the replenishment of (DHT), according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,436 B1. Androgen depletion can decrease sexual motivation. However, decreased sexual motivation is often not caused by abnormal androgen concentrations.

For the treatment of male and/or female sexual disorder (or dysfunction) a number of different treatments, with greater or lesser degrees of success have been suggested and applied. For example, WO 2005/107810 describes the use of testosterone and a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor which components must be released within a certain order and timeframe in respect of sexual activity. Although this treatment provides promising results, the used timeframes are considered to be undesirably long within the context of anticipation of sexual activity. Moreover, the treatment described in WO 2005/107810 is somewhat complicated because, depending on the formulation of the active ingredients, the active ingredients have to be administered within a certain order and/or timeframe. In persons who are not very accurate in taking the right active ingredients at the right time points, the goal of treating sexual dysfunction may not or only partially be reached.

The present invention discloses that 3-alpha-androstanediol administration will induce increased sexual motivation and increased attention for sexual cues in men with MSD and women with FSD. These 3-alpha-androstanediol administration dependant increases in motivation and attention are independent of prior physiological androgen concentrations; 3-alpha-androstanediol administration will increase sexual motivation and attention for sexual cues in men and women with normal (i.e. physiological) or with subphysiological androgen levels alike.

The present invention discloses that the time frame between the intake of the active ingredients and sexual activity can be decreased by using 3-alpha-androstanediol (compared to sublingual testosterone). Moreover, in one of the embodiments the active ingredients can be administered at the same time point, hence minimising the risk of forgetting to take one of the ingredients at all or in time. The obtained results are comparable to the ones obtained with the compounds described in WO 2005/107810. This is considered to be a surprise, because 3-alpha-androstanediol is a much weaker androgen when compared to testosterone and also because 3-alpha-androstanediol is suggested to have an effect on a different receptor, the GABA_(A) receptor [2] (again when compared to testosterone). Another advantage of 3-alpha-androstanediol over testosterone are lower side effects on masculinisation and lower risk for cancer since testosterone is not given and can thus not be reduced to estradiol.

In a first embodiment, the invention provides the use of 3-alpha-androstanediol in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. The term sexual dysfunction refers to male and/or female sexual dysfunction.

3-alpha-androstanediol is also known as 5α-androstane 3α, 17β-diol and is one of testosterone's metabolites. Testosterone, can be converted to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5α-reductases. DHT is then further converted to 3-alpha-androstanediol by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (also known as 3-oxidoreductase and 3α-hydroxysteroid-oxidoreductase, 3α-HSD reductase hereafter). The conversion from testosterone to DHT is unidirectional, the conversion of DHT to 3-alpha-androstanediol is bi-directional: 3α-HSD oxidases can also convert 3-alpha-androstanediol to DHT. The 3α-HSD reductase/oxidase equilibrium appears to be auto regulated by circulating steroid hormones such as testosterone, DHT and 3-alpha-androstanediol, but also oestrogen, growth hormone and the stress related glucocorticoids [3]. Three human isoforms of 3α-HSD reductase exist, two of which are also found in the brain (h3α-HSD2 and 3, also known as AKR 1C2 and AKR 1C3).

According to the invention the level of free 3-alpha-androstanediol should preferably be a peak plasma level of at least of 10-100 times and preferably 5-100 times the normal serum levels [4] (i.e. 0.6-6 and preferably 0.3-6 ng/l for women and 2.2-22 and preferably 1.1-22 ng/l for men), which will typically occur between 1 and 60 minutes after administration of the 3-alpha-androstanediol.

3-alpha-androstanediol is preferably given in a formulation wherein there is a sharp and rapid increase of 3-alpha-androstanediol in the blood circulation of the subject to whom it is administered. The invention therefore provides a use, wherein the 3-alpha-androstanediol is provided in the form of a sublingual formulation, for example a sublingual formulation comprising cyclodextrins as carrier. Another example of a suitable route of administration is buco-mucosally or intranasally, which can also be performed with the use of a cyclodextrin formulation or other usual excipients, diluents and the like. A typical example of a formulation is given in hydroxypropyl-beta cyclodextrin, but other beta cyclodextrins and other usual excipients, diluents and the like are within the skill of the art for preparing a formulation comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol, which releases essentially all of the 3-alpha-androstanediol within one short burst. Said burst will typically be within a short time interval (for example within 60-120 seconds, more preferably within 60 seconds) upon administration, leading to blood peak levels of 3-alpha-androstanediol about 1-60 minutes later, lasting for at least 180 minutes from time of application.

3-alpha-androstanediol in the circulation is bound by SHBG (steroid hormone binding globulin) and by albumin It is important that the peak plasma level of 3-alpha-androstanediol as defined in the present invention is present and calculated as free 3-alpha-androstanediol, so a fraction not bound by albumin and SHBG. Thus the dose of 3-alpha-androstanediol given should be high enough to saturate the albumin and SHBG (i.e. the concentration of 3-alpha-androstanediol must be high enough to overcome complete binding of 3-alpha-androstanediol by SHBG or albumin), or another way of avoiding binding to albumin or SHBG must be designed, such as the use of a competitor for the 3-alpha-androstanediol binding site on SHBG.

In contrast to other sexual dysfunction treatments based on 3-alpha-androstanediol, the use (and method) described herein aim at a temporarily increase in the 3-alpha-androstanediol level in the treated subject. Other methods aim at restoring/replacing/replenishing of the 3-alpha-androstanediol levels (or that of its metabolites such as DHT) to normal (i.e. physiological) levels as found in a normal subject. In a preferred embodiment, 3-alpha-androstanediol is applied such that a short-lasting (several hours) supraphysiological peak of 3-alpha-androstanediol in the blood circulation of the subject to whom it is administered, is obtained.

In a second embodiment, the invention provides an effective combination of 3-alpha-androstanediol with another compound, i.e. the invention provides use of 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1A agonist in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of sexual dysfunction in men and/or women. In a preferred embodiment, said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said 5-HT1A agonist are released at essentially the same time.

Preferably, the used 5-HT1A agonist is selective for the 5-HT1A receptor over other 5-HT receptors and the α-adrenoreceptor and dopamine receptor. Non-limiting examples of a 5-HT1A agonist are 8-OH-DPAT, Alnespirone, AP-521, Buspar, Buspirone, Dippropyl-5-CT, DU-125530, E6265, Ebalzotan, Eptapirone, Flesinoxan, Flibanserin, Gepirone, Ipsapirone, Lesopitron, LY293284, LY301317, MKC242, R(+)-UH-301, Repinotan, SR57746A, Sunepitron, SUN-N4057, Tandosporine, U-92016A, Urapidil, VML-670, Zalospirone or Zaprasidone.

As described above one of the problems associated with current treatment is the large time delay between the intake of active ingredients and sexual activity. With the 3-alpha-androstanediol embodiments of the present invention the time delay is shortened from approximately 4 hours to approximately 1 hour. This results in a decrease of approximately 3 hours.

It is clear to the skilled person that the active ingredients are preferably administrated/released such that their peak effects (i.e. their activities) at least partly overlap/coincide and preferably completely overlap. In respect of testosterone and 3-alpha-androstanediol the peak effect means the maximal increase in attention to erotic stimuli and in sexual motivation. In respect of a 5-HT1A agonist this means a maximal behavioural disinhibition. This goal can be reached by using different strategies. One non-limiting example is provided.

In a preferred embodiment, said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said 5-HT1a agonist are essentially released at the same time. The term “at essentially the same time” should be understood to mean that preferably 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist reach their peak serum levels within the to be treated subject within 30 minutes from each other, preferably 25-30 minutes, more preferably 20-25 minutes, even more preferably 15-20 or 10-15 minutes and most preferably the two compounds are released in the subject within 0 to 10 minutes from each other.

As outlined above, for an optimal effect of 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist, it is desired that the peak effect of both compounds coincide. However, even if the peak effects only overlap partly, this still results in the desired effect (for example, treatment of FSD). There is a time lag for the effect of 3-alpha-androstanediol of about 1-60 minutes (and oral administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol could lengthen this even further) and the effect of 3-alpha-androstanediol lasts for approximately 3 hours. Different 5-HT1a agonists reach their peak plasma concentrations at different times, but it should be clear to the skilled person that if administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol and of a 5HT1a receptor agonist is done so that peak concentrations of both substances should coincide, that administration times can differ between 3-alpha-androstanediol and different 5HT1a receptor agonist. By releasing 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist at essentially the same time, their effects at least partly coincide. It is clear to the skilled person that 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist can be formulated such that their release is delayed. For example, the active ingredients are provided with or surrounded by a coating, which is dissolved after 2 hours. In such a case, the active ingredients must be taken 2-3 hours before sexual activity. Other variations are easily performed by the skilled person and are within the scope of the present invention.

In yet another embodiment the invention provides the use of 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1A agonist and a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of sexual dysfunction.

Multiple PDE5 inhibitors are available. An example of a PDE5 inhibitor is vardenafil HCl which is designated chemically as piperazine, 1-[[3-(1,4-dihydro-5-methyl-4-oxo-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)-4-ethoxyphenyl]sulfonyl]-4-ethyl-, monohydrochloride. In addition to the active ingredient, vardenafil HCl, each tablet contains microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, yellow ferric oxide, and red ferric oxide. An other example is given in sildenafil citrate which is chemically designated as 1-[[3-(6,7-dihydro-1-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-1Hpyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)-4-ethoxyphenyl]sulfonyl]-4-methylpiperazine citrate. In addition to the active ingredient, sildenafil citrate, each tablet contains the following ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, titanium dioxide, lactose, triacetin, and FD & C Blue #2 aluminum lake. An other example is given in tadalafil which is chemically designated as pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,4-dione, 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydro-2-methyl-, (6R,12aR)-. In addition to the active ingredient, tadalafil, each tablet contains the following ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, iron oxide, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, titanium dioxide, and triacetin.

The number of PDE5-inhibitors is still expanding and other non-limiting examples are: E-4021, E-8010, E-4010, AWD-12-217 (zaprinast), AWD 12-210, UK-343,664, UK-369003, UK-357903, BMS-341400, BMS-223131, FR226807, FR-229934, EMR-6203, Sch-51866, IC485, TA-1790, DA-8159, NCX-911 or KS-505a or the compounds disclosed in WO 96/26940.

It is clear to the skilled person that the active ingredients are preferably administrated/released such that their peak effects (i.e. their activities) at least partly overlap/coincide and preferably completely overlap. In respect of testosterone and 3-alpha-androstanediol the peak effect means the maximal increase in attention to erotic stimuli and in sexual motivation. For a PDE5 inhibitor the peak effect is the maximal increase in activity of the NANC (non adrenergic non cholinergic) pathway of the autonomous nervous system and in respect of a 5-HT1A agonist this means a maximal behavioural disinhibition. This goal can be reached by using different strategies. One non-limiting example is provided.

In a preferred embodiment the invention provides the use of 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1A agonist and a PDE5 inhibitor in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of sexual dysfunction, wherein said 3-alpha-androstanediol, said 5-HT1A agonist and said PDE5 inhibitor are released at essentially the same time.

Again, it is clear that the effects (i.e. the activities) of the different components at least partly overlap and preferably completely overlap. This is obtained by releasing the active ingredients at essentially the same time. Such a release pattern can be obtained by using different strategies. Preferably, the active ingredients, 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1A agonist as well as a PDE5 inhibitor, are formulated such that they release their active ingredients directly upon administration. In such a case all active ingredients can be administrated/taken at the same time. In yet another example, 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1A agonist as well as a PDE5 inhibitor are formulated such that the active ingredients are released after approximately 1 hour. In such a case the active ingredients are taken approximately 1-2 hours before sexual activity. It is clear to the skilled person that multiple variations to the administration are possible depending on the used formulation of the active ingredients.

Reference herein to sexual dysfunction includes male and/or female dysfunction. Reference to male sexual dysfunction includes inhibited sexual desire (ISD), erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE).

Reference to female sexual dysfunction includes Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD), Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD) and Female Orgasmic Disorder (FOD).

The embodiments referring to a 5-HT1A agonist are preferably used to treat female sexual dysfunction, i.e. to improve subjective sexual arousal (female sexual arousal disorder) and is especially effective in women suffering from female sexual arousal disorder, by disinhibiting the braids inhibition of sexual behaviour.

For the present invention the routes of administration of choice are those which are the least invasive (for example oral, buco-mucosal or intranasal). Motivation for sexual behaviour should not be negatively influenced by invasive routes of administration.

The use as described herein may alternatively be formulated as:

(i) 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist for use in a method for treating sexual dysfunction; or (ii) 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1a agonist and a PDE5-inhibitor for use in a method for treating sexual dysfunction.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides use of 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist (and optionally also a PDE5 inhibitor) in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction. In yet another preferred embodiment, the invention provides use of 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist (and optionally also a PDE5 inhibitor) in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of male sexual dysfunction.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol.

3-alpha-androstanediol is preferably provided in the form of a sublingual formulation, for example a sublingual formulation comprising cyclodextrins as carrier. Another example of a suitable route of administration is buco-mucosally or intranasally, which can also be performed with the use of a cyclodextrin formulation or other usual excipients, diluents and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical is designed for sublingual administration, for example said composition comprises cyclodextrin such as hydroxypropyl-beta cyclodextrin. A typical non/limiting example of a prepared 3-alpha-androstanediol sample (for 0.1-0.5 mg of 3-alpha-androstanediol) consists of 0.1-0.5 mg 3-alpha-androstanediol, 5 mg hydroxypropyl-betacyclodextrines (carrier), 5 mg ethanol, and 5 ml water, but each of the amounts of these substances might be higher or lower.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist. The pharmaceutical composition comprising a 5-HT1a agonist may vary in doses dependent on the type of 5-HT1a agonist used. Also, it may vary in doses with the weight of the patient and are preferably determined by a physician.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist, wherein said composition is designed to release said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said 5-HT1a agonist at essentially the same time. The pharmaceutical composition can be designed such that 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist are released (directly) upon administration or such that 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1a agonist are released after a certain amount of time has passed (for example 2 hours). This depends on the used formulation of the two ingredients.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1A agonist and a PDE5 inhibitor. The pharmaceutical composition comprising a PDE5-inhibitor preferably comprises at least 25 mg sildenafil (or 5 mg vardenafil, or 5 mg tadalafil) and at most 100 mg sildenafil (or 20 mg vardenafil, or 20 mg tadalafil), or comparable dosages of other PDE5-inhibitors. An advantage of using at least three different active ingredients is that the individual used amounts may be decreased if compared to a treatment based on two active ingredients.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1A agonist and a PDE5 inhibitor, wherein said composition is designed to release said 3-alpha-androstanediol, said 5-HT1A agonist and said PDE5 inhibitor at essentially the same time. Ingredients may be formulated in (for example direct/immediate or delayed) such that the active ingredients can be taken at the same time and hence such a strategy diminishes the chance of forgetting or timely taken an active ingredient.

The active ingredients (for example 3-alpha-androstanediol and/or a 5-HT1A agonist and/or a PDE5 inhibitor) may be present in any suitable form, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, multi-particulates, gels, films, solutions or suspensions and may comprise diluents and/or excipients and/or binders and/or disintegrants and/or lubricants and/or colouring agents. Also different kinds of release patterns can be applied, such as direct release or delayed release.

Because the effects of the different active ingredients must at least partly coincide and preferably completely coincide, the invention preferably also provides instructions as to the administration. Therefore, the invention also provides a kit of parts comprising at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and at least one composition comprising a 5-HT1a agonist, wherein said kit further comprises instructions in respect to the administration of said compositions. In yet another embodiment, the invention also provides a kit of parts comprising at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol, at least one composition comprising a 5-HT1A agonist and at least one composition comprising a PDE5 inhibitor, wherein said kit further comprises instructions in respect to the administration of said compositions.

The invention also provides a kit of parts comprising a pharmaceutical composition as herein described, i.e. a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1A agonist and optionally a PDE5 inhibitor.

In order to further enhance the effects of the kit of parts of the invention said kit may further comprise means for cognitive interventions and stimulation. Such information may be present on any data carrier (paper, CD, DVD), passive or interactive, or it may be a link to a website at least partially designed for the purpose of said cognitive stimulation. Sometimes it is preferred to present said cognitive stimulatory information subconsciously e.g. subliminally.

The herein described combinations of active ingredients may further be accompanied by other suitable active ingredients.

The invention further provides a method for treating a male or a female suffering from sexual dysfunction by providing said male or female with a combination of an effective amount of 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1A agonist (and optionally a PDE5 inhibitor).

The invention will be explained in more detail in the following, non-limiting examples.

EXPERIMENTAL PART Experiment 1 3-alpha-androstanediol and flesinoxan in FSD

Efficacy of combined administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1A receptor agonist—flesinoxan—on VPA in response to erotic film excerpts in women with FSD

In a double-blind, randomly assigned placebo controlled cross-over design, a group of 16 women with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) will receive

-   -   1. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.1 mg) and flesinoxan (1 mg)     -   2. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.1 mg) alone     -   3. flesinoxan (1 mg) alone     -   4. placebo         on 4 separate experimental days.

The vaginal pulse amplitude will be measured in response to neutral and erotic film excerpts, directly after drug administration, and 1 hour after drug administration. The four experimental days will be separated by (at least) a three-day period. On all drug administrations, subjects will receive one capsule consisting of either flesinoxan or placebo, and one liquid formulation with either 3-alpha-androstanediol or placebo. Both capsule and liquid formulation will be taken at the same time, one hour prior to testing. The effect of sublingual 3-alpha-androstanediol and flesinoxan will overlap due to their similar time lag (0-1 hour).

Experiment 2 3-alpha-androstanediol, flesinoxan and sildenafil in FSD

Efficacy of combined administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist—flesinoxan—and a PDE5 inhibitor—sildenafil—on VPA in response to erotic film excerpts in women with FSD

In a double-blind, randomly assigned placebo controlled cross-over design, a group of 16 women with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) will receive

-   -   1. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.1 mg) and flesinoxan (1 mg) and         sildenafil (10 mg)     -   2. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.1 mg) and flesinoxan (1 mg)     -   3. flesinoxan (1 mg) and sildenafil (10 mg)     -   4. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.1 mg) alone     -   5. flesinoxan (1 mg) alone     -   6. placebo         on 6 separate experimental days.

The vaginal pulse amplitude will be measured in response to neutral and erotic film excerpts, directly after drug administration, and 1 hour after drug administration. The six experimental days will be separated by (at least) a three-day period. On all drug administrations, subjects will receive one capsule consisting of either flesinoxan, or sildenafil, or sildenafil and flesinoxan or a placebo, and one liquid formulation with either 3-alpha-androstanediol or placebo. Both capsule and liquid formulation will be taken at the same time, one hour prior to testing. The effect of sublingual 3-alpha-androstanediol and flesinoxan will overlap due to their similar time lag (0-1 hour) and will overlap with high sildenafil serum concentrations (Tmax of sildenafil 30-120 min; T1/2=3.5 hours).

During the experimental sessions of experiments 1-2, the subject must insert a tampon-shaped vaginal probe (a photoplethysmograph) in order to measure the VPA. Then subjects will view a 10 minute neutral fragment, followed by a 5 minute erotic film fragment. After these baseline measurements, the subjects receive one of the four medication combinations as described above. Following medication another set of neutral (5 minutes) and erotic (5 minutes) film fragments is shown. The vaginal probe will then be removed. After 4 hours another VPA measurement will be made in response to neutral (5 minutes) and erotic (5 minutes) film fragments. Blood pressure (supine and standing), heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature will be monitored throughout on the experimental days.

The experimental session will be preceded by a screening visit. In this screening visit subjects are interviewed and examined by a resident of the department of gynaecology of Flevo Hospital, Almere to diagnose for FSD and to determine eligibility for study participation. Subjects will be asked to fill out a questionnaire; the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Subjects will be screened to exclude pregnancy or breast feeding, vaginal infections, major operations to the vagina and/or vulva, undetected major gynaecological illnesses or unexplained gynaecological complaints. Weight, height, blood pressure (supine and standing) will be measured. Cardiovascular condition will be tested and ECG checked for significant abnormalities.

Experiment 3 3-alpha-androstanediol and flesinoxan in MSD

efficacy of combined administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol and a 5-HT1A receptor agonist—flesinoxan—on male sexual function in response to erotic film excerpts in men with MSD

In a double-blind, randomly assigned placebo controlled cross-over design, a group of 16 men with male sexual dysfunction (MSD) will receive

-   -   1. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.5 mg) and flesinoxan (1 mg)     -   2. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.5 mg) alone     -   3. flesinoxan (1 mg) alone     -   4. placebo         on 4 separate experimental days.

The penile tumescence and rigidity will be measured in response to neutral and erotic film audiovisual stimulation (VSTR), directly after drug administration, and 1 hour after drug administration, directly followed by measurement of vibrotactile stimulation ejaculatory latency time (VTS-ELT) and postejaculatory erectile refractory time. The four experimental days will be separated by (at least) a three-day period. On all drug administrations, subjects will receive one capsule consisting of either flesinoxan or placebo, and one liquid formulation with either 3-alpha-androstanediol or placebo. Both capsule and liquid formulation will be taken at the same time, one hour prior to testing. The effect of sublingual 3-alpha-androstanediol and flesinoxan will overlap due to their similar time lag (0-1 hour).

Subjects with a history of endocrinological, neurological or psychiatric illness and/or treatment. Standard blood chemistry and hematology tests will be performed. Participants are required not to use alcohol or psychoactive drugs the evening before and the day of experimentation. During period of menstruation, subjects will not be tested.

Experiment 4 3-alpha-androstanediol, flesinoxan and sildenafil in MSD

Efficacy of combined administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist—flesinoxan—and a PDE5 inhibitor—sildenafil—on male sexual function in response to erotic film excerpts in men with MSD

In a double-blind, randomly assigned placebo controlled cross-over design, a group of 16 men with male sexual dysfunction (MSD) will receive

-   -   1. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.5 mg) and flesinoxan (1 mg) and         sildenafil (10 mg)     -   2. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.5 mg) and flesinoxan (1 mg)     -   3. flesinoxan (1 mg) and sildenafil (10 mg)     -   4. 3-alpha-androstanediol (0.5 mg) alone     -   5. flesinoxan (1 mg) alone     -   6. placebo         on 6 separate experimental days.

The penile tumescence and rigidity will be measured in response to neutral and erotic film audiovisual stimulation (VSTR), directly after drug administration, and 1 hour after drug administration, directly followed by measurement of vibrotactile stimulation ejaculatory latency time (VTS-ELT) and postejaculatory erectile refractory time. The six experimental days will be separated by (at least) a three-day period. On all drug administrations, subjects will receive one capsule consisting of either flesinoxan, or sildenafil, or sildenafil and flesinoxan or a placebo, and one liquid formulation with either 3-alpha-androstanediol or placebo. Both capsule and liquid formulation will be taken at the same time, one hour prior to testing. The effect of sublingual 3-alpha-androstanediol and flesinoxan will overlap due to their similar time lag (0-1 hour) and will overlap with high sildenafil serum concentrations (Tmax of sildenafil 30-120 min; T1/2=3.5 hours).

Experiments 3-4 will be preceded by a screening visit. In this screening visit subjects are interviewed and examined by a resident of the department of gynaecology of Flevo Hospital, Almere to diagnose for MSD and to determine eligibility for study participation. Subjects will be asked to fill out a questionnaire; the international index of erectile function questionnaire (IIEF). Weight, height, blood pressure (supine and standing) will be measured. Cardiovascular condition will be tested and ECG checked for significant abnormalities. Participants are required not to use alcohol or psychoactive drugs the evening before and the day of experimentation.

Experiment 5 Animal Model FSD

Efficacy of combined administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol, a PDE5 inhibitor and/or a 5-HT1A receptor agonist on female sexual function.

The effect of administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol, sildenafil and flesinoxan, alone or in combinations, on female sexual behaviour in rats, will be investigated. Specifically, proceptive behaviour (soliciting, social interaction time, sniffing) and receptive behaviour (lordosis) of female rats shall be scored for a period of three hours after injection and placement with a single sexually active male rat.

The experiment shall be conducted in a blind, randomly assigned placebo controlled cross-over design, on a group of 32 healthy, sexually active adult female rats. Both female and male rats shall be individually housed for two weeks prior to their (first) day of testing. All drugs and placebo shall be administered by a single intraperitoneal injection. Drug doses are to be established based on literature. Individual rats shall be subjected to no more than two treatments, separated by one week.

Experiment 6 Animal Model MSD

Efficacy of combined administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol, a PDE5 inhibitor and/or a 5-HT1A receptor agonist on male sexual function

The effect of administration of 3-alpha-androstanediol, sildenafil and flesinoxan, alone or in combinations, on male sexual behaviour in rats, will be investigated. Specifically, mount latency, mount frequency, intromission latency, intomission frequency, ejaculation latency and post-ejaculatory interval of male rats shall be scored for a period of three hours after injection and placement with a single sexually active female rat.

The experiment shall be conducted in a blind, randomly assigned placebo controlled cross-over design, on a group of 32 healthy, sexually active adult male rats. Both female and male rats shall be individually housed for two weeks prior to their (first) day of testing. All drugs and placebo shall be administered by a single intraperitoneal injection. Drug doses are to be established based on literature. Individual rats shall be subjected to no more than two treatments, separated by one week.

REFERENCES

1. Laumann, E. O., A. Paik, and R. C. Rosen, Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. Jama, 1999. 281(6): p. 537-44.

2. Reddy, D. S., et al., A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay of the androgenic neurosteroid 3alpha-androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol) in plasma. Steroids, 2005. 70(13): p. 879-85.

3. Jin, Y. and T. M. Penning, Steroid 5alpha-reductases and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: key enzymes in androgen metabolism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001. 15(1): p. 79-94.

4. Wudy, S. A., et al., Androgen metabolism assessment by routine gas chromatography/mass spectrometry profiling of plasma steroids: Part 1, Unconjugated steroids. Steroids, 1992. 57(7): p. 319-24. 

1. A method to treat sexual dysfunction which method comprises administering to a subject in need of such treatment a composition comprising an effective amount of 3-alpha-androstanediol.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition further includes an effective amount of an 5-HT1A agonist.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said 5-HT1A agonist are released from the composition at essentially the same time.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises administering an effective amount of type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said 3-alpha-androstanediol, said PDE5 inhibitor and said 5-HT1A agonist are released from said composition at essentially the same time.
 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 which further comprises an 5-HT1A agonist.
 8. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein said composition releases said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said 5-HT1A agonist at essentially the same time.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, which further comprises a PDE5 inhibitor.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, which composition releases the 3-alpha-androstanediol and the PDE5 inhibitor and said 5-HT1A agonist at essentially the same time.
 11. A kit comprising at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and at least one composition comprising a 5-HT1A agonist, wherein said kit further comprises instructions in respect to the administration of said compositions.
 12. The kit of claim 11, further comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising a PDE5 inhibitor.
 13. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 7. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein said sexual dysfunction is male sexual dysfunction.
 15. The method of claim 2, wherein said sexual dysfunction is female sexual dysfunction.
 16. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 8. 17. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 9. 18. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 10. 19. The method of claim 4, wherein said sexual dysfunction is male sexual dysfunction.
 20. The method of claim 4, wherein said sexual dysfunction is female sexual dysfunction. 